The structure of the CNC vertical lathe is designed around its vertical layout and heavy-duty processing requirements, covering four core modules: the machine body, drive system, control system and auxiliary devices.
Machine Body Structure
Function: The bed serves as the foundational support for the CNC machine tool. It is constructed of high-strength cast iron or welded steel and equipped with ribbed plates to enhance rigidity and ensure machining stability.
Features: Medium and large CNC machine tools utilize a split-body structure (bed, column, and base are separated) for ease of manufacturing and transportation; smaller CNC machine tools are generally integrated.
● Column and Crossbeam
Column: Attached vertically to the CNC machine bed, it provides guidance and support for the crossbeam. Single-column vertical lathes utilize a wide column, while double-column lathes use a gantry frame connected by two columns and a top beam for enhanced rigidity.
Crossbeam: Attached horizontally to the CNC machine column, it carries the tool drive and adjusts the axial machining stroke through lifting and lowering motion. The crossbeam of a double-column vertical lathe is usually equipped with only one slide, the tool holder is external and the tool is changed by a robot.
The worktable of a CNC vertical lathe features a circular design, carrying the workpiece and rotating about its vertical axis. Its diameter can reach over 2.5 meters, and it has an excellent load-bearing capacity (up to 10 tons).
Chuck: The chuck of a CNC lathe is mounted on the worktable surface and equipped with radially and axially adjustable jaws to secure the workpiece. Medium- and large-sized CNC machine tools often use rotary tables instead of traditional chucks to accommodate large workpieces.
● Tool Turret and Ram
Tool Turret: CNC machine tools support automatic tool changes, and the single-action turret design reduces noise and energy consumption. The linear guide structure ensures smooth movement.
Ram: Mounted on the crossbeam slide, the ram achieves axial cutting feed through up and down motion, making it suitable for internal and external cylindrical and end-face machining.
Drive System
Spindle Box: The CNC lathe features a built-in electric spindle or an internally mounted spindle motor, capable of speeds up to 200,000 rpm. This speed is continuously adjustable via a frequency converter, meeting the requirements of both low-speed heavy-duty cutting and high-speed finishing.
Bearing Layout: The CNC vertical lathe utilizes a combination of double-row cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and thrust cylindrical roller bearings to ensure spindle rotation accuracy and rigidity.
● Feed System
X/Z-Axis Drive: The CNC machine's drive axis consists of a servo motor and precision ball screw, paired with linear guides for high-precision linear motion. Dual Z- and X-axis linear guides enhance load capacity and vibration resistance.
Dynamic Response: The CNC machine utilizes a closed-loop control system combined with a high-rigidity lead screw to ensure positioning accuracy during high-speed machining.
CNC System
Function: The CNC lathe control unit reads G-code programs, coordinates spindle speed, feed rate, and tool movement, and supports various machining modes (such as turning, milling, and threading).
Features: CNC lathes feature modern systems equipped with touch screens and programming software, supporting complex process programming and real-time monitoring. Some systems, such as the Zhongda CNC-H4-T, utilize an open architecture for easy functional expansion.
● Servo Drive Module
Motor and Encoder: The servo motors of CNC machine tools provide high response speed and positioning accuracy. The encoders provide actual position information, forming a closed-loop control system.
Brake: The Z-axis servo motors of CNC lathes are equipped with a brake to prevent carriage movement due to gravity and inertia, ensuring machining accuracy.
Assistive devices
Cooling System: A spray system reduces cutting temperatures, extending tool life and improving surface quality.
Lubrication System: Automatically lubricates key components such as spindle bearings and guideways, reducing wear and ensuring long-term stable operation.
● Chip Removal and Protection Devices
Chip Conveyor: Automatically removes chips to prevent accumulation that could affect machining accuracy.
Fully enclosed protective cover: Prevents chips and coolant from splashing, ensuring safe operation.